Your problem could be caused by corruption at the file system level, and CHKDSK may be able to fix the problem. Try running CHKDSK against the volume containing the corrupted file.
Try selecting the Sent Items folder and using Outlook's Search feature to look for the document's name. If so, a copy of the document may still be in Outlook's Sent Items folder, attached to the email message you sent. In many cases, you may have emailed a copy of the document to someone at some point. Making a backup copy of the file now may save you even more heartache later on. There's a chance that the corruption within the file could become worse over time or that you could destroy the file while trying to recover it. If you don't have a backup copy of the corrupt document readily available, make a copy of the corrupted file right away and store it on removable media. This isn't really a recovery trick, but it is a crucial preliminary step. Try opening your 'corrupt' document from another computer.
Before you start trying to restore a backup or repair a file, try opening other documents. It could be Word or even Windows that is having the problem. Automatically assuming that a document is corrupt can be a big mistake.